Oxidation ist eine Reaktion, bei der Elektronen abgeben werden. Bei einer Reduktion werden Elektronen aufgenommen.

1. Atome innerhalb eines Atomverbandes eines Elements haben immer die Oxidationszahl 0. Beispiel: Sauerstoff O2

2. verschiedene Atome: 2.1 Metalle positive OZ 2.2 Fluor F: - I 2 3 Wasserstoff H: + I 2 4 Sauerstoff O: - II 2.5 Halogene: - I

3. Bei Verbindungen ist die Summe der Oxidationszahlen aller Atome 0.

4. Bei Ionen ist die Summe der Oxidationszahlen aller Atome gleich der Ionenladung.

Oxidationszahlen sind eine fiktive Größe, die beim Aufstellen einer Redoxreaktion hilft. Beim bestimmen muss man einige Regeln beachten.

Oxidation ist immer eine Erhöhung der Oxidationszahl eines Elements, Reduktion immer die Reduktion der Oxidationszahl eines Elementes.

1. Man bestimmt die Oxidationszahlen der beteiligten Verbindungen.

2. Man erstellt Teilgleichungen und bestimmt Oxidation und Reduktion anhand der Änderung der Oxidationszahlen.

3. Man fügt die aufgenommenen oder abgegebenen Elektronen in die Teilgleichung ein.

4. man führt, abhängig vom umgebenden Medium, einen ladungsausgleich durch, so dass auf beiden Seiten der reaktionsgleichung die gleiche Ladung steht. Das muss nicht 0 sein!

Im sauren gleicht man mit Oxonium-Ionen H3O+ aus, im Alkalischen mit Hydroxid-Ionen OH-. hin und wieder wird in schmelzen gearbeitet, dann gleicht man mit Oxid-Ionen O2- aus.

5. Man muss mit Wasser H2O einen Stoffausgleich durchführen, sodass links und rechts des Reaktionspfeils die gleiche Summe der Elemente Wasserstoff und Sauerstoff vorliegt.

6. Man kontrolliert die Elektronenbilanz. Es müssen genauso viele Elektronen aufgenommen werden, wie abgegeben wurden. Ist das nicht der Fall, wird ausgeglichen, indem man das kleinste gemeinsame Vielfache der Elektronenzahl sucht und die Teilgleichungen entsprechend multipliziert.

7. Man erstellt eine gesamtgleichung durch Addition der beiden Teilgleichungen. Gleiches wird dabei gekürzt.

Bei organischen Verbindungen wird jedes Kohlenstoff-Atom einzeln betrachtet. Kohlenstoff-Kohlenstoff- Bindungen zählen nicht zur Ermittlung der Oxidationszahl, Wasserstoff hat immer +1, Sauerstoff immer -2. Insgesamt muss das Kohlenstoff-Atom mit seinen Bindungspartnern (außer Kohlenstoff) auf die Summe 0 kommen.

The Subconscious mind can not tell the difference between what's real and what's imagined.

All I have are the people.

We think that the world is a solid, vivid place, full of shape and colour and solid objects like this table and this microphone and so on, but we actually create that in our heads out of the bits of information that hit the back of our eyeballs or hit our eardrums or hit our tongues or whatever.

I travel to Cambodia, Thailand, Bali, and Nairobi for my charities: Somaly Mam and Friends to Mankind.

Often the work of the Lord itself may be a temptation to keep us from that communion with Him which is so essential to the benefit of our own souls.

Sometimes I have a tough time getting along with myself. When I was a child, I needed a lot of attention... and I don't have a small ego. For me, appearing on a stage or presenting a cake is the same thing. You need a crowd around you to do it.

My mom came to the U.S. very young, and then she married very young. But she was never American. She was always Scottish and would make sure that I knew that I was, too.

And at home by the fire whenever you look up there I shall be and whenever I look up there will be you.

From you we have learned what we, at least, value, to separate Church and State; and from you we gather inspiration at all times in our devotion to learning, to religious liberty, and to individual and National freedom.

If you're able to help some people and make them smile and make them realize that life is good, then that's worth so much more than buying a pair of shoes.

Progress and healing involves seeing every person as not so different from ourselves.

In our culture, good looks are so important, and today he'd head straight for a plastic surgeon, but in Cyrano's time, the nose was who he was, and it didn't matter that he was a brilliant poet, a brilliant swordsman, a brilliant man. His nose defined him.

I enjoy being in Toronto - there's lots of energy, lots of neat different neighbourhoods - but Vancouver is still home and always will be. I miss going for walks on the ocean with beautiful mountains.

Tomorrow is more sure than just about anything else in the entire world.

Take the time today to understand your contribution to any bad event you've just been through.

If I had the uniform on, you didn't doubt for a moment I was a pilot. No one ever blinked an eye if I tried to cash a cheque wearing that uniform.

I can't explain something I saw on holiday on Holy Island when I was about nine years old, but do you know what, it could have been my PE teacher dressed in a monk's habit. I have no idea. I'm not a ghost person... it doesn't mean there aren't unexplained things; I just don't think they're ghosts.

We cannot know the whole truth, which belongs to God alone, but our task nevertheless is to seek to know what is true. And if we offend gravely enough against what we know to be true, as by failing badly enough to deal affectionately and responsibly with our land and our neighbors, truth will retaliate with ugliness, poverty, and disease.

There’s a future version of you who’s proud you were strong enough.

I like singer-songwriters, and I find sad songs comforting rather than depressing. It makes you realise you're not alone in the world.

I hate to talk about typecasting, because being typecast as Columbo ain't cancer.

Medicine is not a book but mind, not a business but life.

There is nothing less to our credit than our neglect of the foreigner and his children, unless it be the arrogance most of us betray when we set out to "Americanize" him.

Unless you choose to do great things with it, it makes no difference how much you are rewarded, or how much power you have.