Oxidation ist immer eine Erhöhung der Oxidationszahl eines Elements, Reduktion immer die Reduktion der Oxidationszahl eines Elementes.

1. Atome innerhalb eines Atomverbandes eines Elements haben immer die Oxidationszahl 0. Beispiel: Sauerstoff O2

2. verschiedene Atome: 2.1 Metalle positive OZ 2.2 Fluor F: - I 2 3 Wasserstoff H: + I 2 4 Sauerstoff O: - II 2.5 Halogene: - I

3. Bei Verbindungen ist die Summe der Oxidationszahlen aller Atome 0.

4. Bei Ionen ist die Summe der Oxidationszahlen aller Atome gleich der Ionenladung.

Oxidationszahlen sind eine fiktive Größe, die beim Aufstellen einer Redoxreaktion hilft. Beim bestimmen muss man einige Regeln beachten.

Oxidation ist eine Reaktion, bei der Elektronen abgeben werden. Bei einer Reduktion werden Elektronen aufgenommen.

1. Man bestimmt die Oxidationszahlen der beteiligten Verbindungen.

2. Man erstellt Teilgleichungen und bestimmt Oxidation und Reduktion anhand der Änderung der Oxidationszahlen.

3. Man fügt die aufgenommenen oder abgegebenen Elektronen in die Teilgleichung ein.

4. man führt, abhängig vom umgebenden Medium, einen ladungsausgleich durch, so dass auf beiden Seiten der reaktionsgleichung die gleiche Ladung steht. Das muss nicht 0 sein!

Im sauren gleicht man mit Oxonium-Ionen H3O+ aus, im Alkalischen mit Hydroxid-Ionen OH-. hin und wieder wird in schmelzen gearbeitet, dann gleicht man mit Oxid-Ionen O2- aus.

5. Man muss mit Wasser H2O einen Stoffausgleich durchführen, sodass links und rechts des Reaktionspfeils die gleiche Summe der Elemente Wasserstoff und Sauerstoff vorliegt.

6. Man kontrolliert die Elektronenbilanz. Es müssen genauso viele Elektronen aufgenommen werden, wie abgegeben wurden. Ist das nicht der Fall, wird ausgeglichen, indem man das kleinste gemeinsame Vielfache der Elektronenzahl sucht und die Teilgleichungen entsprechend multipliziert.

7. Man erstellt eine gesamtgleichung durch Addition der beiden Teilgleichungen. Gleiches wird dabei gekürzt.

Bei organischen Verbindungen wird jedes Kohlenstoff-Atom einzeln betrachtet. Kohlenstoff-Kohlenstoff- Bindungen zählen nicht zur Ermittlung der Oxidationszahl, Wasserstoff hat immer +1, Sauerstoff immer -2. Insgesamt muss das Kohlenstoff-Atom mit seinen Bindungspartnern (außer Kohlenstoff) auf die Summe 0 kommen.

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