如果你面对的是意大利面图，不要驻足不前。想想你最希望传达的信息，想要讲述的故事，以及怎样修改图表能够帮助你有效地实现这些目标。请注意，在有些情况下，这或许意味着展示更少的数据。

在开始着手数据可视化或者沟通之前，应该在理解上下文上多花些时间和精力。

探索性分析是指理解数据并找出其中值得关注或分享给他人的精华。

在向受众进行分析的时候，我们迫切希望能够言之有物，往往在应该进行解释性分析的时候错误地进行了探索性分析

就像在牡蛎中寻找珍珠，可能打开一百个牡蛎（尝试上百种不同的假设或者从上百种不同的角度审视数据）才碰巧找到两颗珍珠。 ⭕️（花时间将数据抽象为受众能够消化的信息：两颗珍珠） ❌（简单地展示全部数据：一百个牡蛎）

数据可视化之前，明确： 1.要跟谁沟通 2.希望受众了解哪些内容或者做什么 3.如何用数据表达自己的观点

有哪些至关重要的背景信息？ 受众和决策者都是谁？对他们有什么了解？ 受众可能对话题存在什么样的正面或者负面偏见？ 有什么样的数据可以支撑这个案例？这些数据是受众所熟悉的还是新的？ 有什么风险？什么因素会弱化案例？我们是否需要主动提出来？ 成功的产出是什么样的？

三分钟故事和中心思想 中心思想是(1)必须能陈述你独特的观点； (2)必须切中要害； (3)必须是一个完整的句子。

只有一到二项数据时，使用简单文本陈述

表格：当有多项内容且单位不一致时，适合用表格。 让设计融入背景，让数据占据核心地位。不要让厚重的边框和阴影与数据争夺受众的注意力。相反，要使用窄边框或者空白来区分表格的元素。

有一种办法能够将表格中的细节和视觉暗示的使用结合起来，那就是热力图。热力图是用表格的形式可视化数据的一种方法，在显示数据的地方（在数据之外）利用着色的单元格传递数据相对大小的信息。

散点图在展示两件事的关系时很有用，因为可以同时将数据对应到 x轴和 y轴上，观察是否存在某种关系以及存在何种关系。

条形图📊要以0为原点，避免将微小的变化过度放大。 如果要展示变化趋势推荐用线图

要可视化相差极大的数值时，用方形面积图

避免使用双Y轴，读者要花时间读，可以替换成直接加标签隐藏双坐标轴，或者分段的坐标轴

杂乱是你的敌人

识别出无法增加信息量的元素（或者无法有效呈现足够信息量的元素）并将它们删除。

临近原则：物理上相近的同属一个群体 相似原则：拥有相似形状颜色大小或者方向的属同一个群体 包围原则：包围在一起的属同一个群体

闭合原则 连续原则 连接原则：物理上连接的为同一群体

在没有其他视觉上的提示时，受众通常会从页面或者屏幕的左上方开始，按“之”字形移动视线并消化信息。 因此，当涉及表格和图形时，将文字（标题、坐标轴标签、图例等）按左上角对齐。这意味着受众会先看到有关如何阅读图表的细节，然后再看到数据本身。

避免使用倾斜元素

（1）突出重要的内容， (2)消除干扰， (3)建立清晰的信息层次。

提出重要的内容： 粗体 字号 颜色； 谨慎使用下划线，反色等增加干扰等元素

不是所有数据都同样重要； 当不需要细节时，请总结； 扪心自问：去掉这个会怎么样？ 将必要但不直接影响的元素融入背景

主角需要什么来恢复他生活的平衡？核心需求是什么？是什么阻止主角实现他的愿望？在这样的对抗下，主角决定如何行动以实现愿望？

One does evil enough when one does nothing good.

Getting a book published made me feel a little bit sad. I felt driven by the need to write a book, rather than the need to write. I needed to figure out what was important to me as a writer.

Literary men now routinely tell their readers about their divorces. One literary man who reviews books wrote, in reviewing a study of Ruskin, that he had never read a book by Ruskin but that the study confirmed him in his belief that he didn't want to read a book by Ruskin. This man very often writes about his family life.

Poverty and backwardness in the midst of clear waters and verdant mountains is no good, nor is it to have prosperity and wealth while the environment deteriorates.

History shows us that the songs - the myth, the experience and the emotion - live longer the less you explain.

Beware of what you say when you are in a bad mood dont mix bad words with a bad mood. Youll have many opportunities to change a mood but you wont be able to replace the words youve spoken.

I don't want a Europe that is just a free-trade area attached to NATO. Even less do I want a Europe where it's everyone against everyone, and social and fiscal dumping replaces solidarity.

There is no doubt that America remains the premier political, economic, military power in the world, and I both expect and count on it remaining so, because I think that's certainly in our best interest but also the best interests of the world.

My main job was developing talent. I was a gardener providing water and other nourishment to our top 750 people. Of course, I had to pull out some weeds, too.

I know I'm never as good or bad as one single performance. I've never believed in my critics or my worshippers, and I've always been able to leave the game at the arena.

I feel like when I went back to my original hair color, a little bit of an edgier side came out.

You know, I'm an African-American quarterback. That may scare a lot of people because they - they haven't seen nothing that they can compare me to.

Curiously, a principle affects your life whether you are aware of it or not. For instance, the principle of gravity was working long before the apple ever fell on Newton's head. But once it did, and he understood it, then we as a society were free to harness this principle to create, among other things, airline flight.

Everybody likes money. I like money. I need money to survive. But I don't love money. Money is not my god.

When I did 'Alien: Resurrection', a lot of the guys worked on planned production, and one of them was really into comic books and would draw all sorts of characters, and I was impressed with his sketches.

When men hear women want a commitment, they think it means commitment to a romantic relationship, but that's not it. It's a commitment to not floating around anymore. I want a guy who is entrenched in his own life. Entrenched is awesome.

I love the comics so much, and I grew up reading Marvel Comics. And Doctor Strange is my favorite comic book character - probably, I think honestly, the only comic book I would feel personally suited to work on.

I love online gambling.

Differences of habit and language are nothing at all if our aims are identical and our hearts are open.

Poetry is the impish attempt to paint the color of the wind.

Every form of talent involves a certain shameless-ness.

You can be the most beautiful person on Earth, and if you don't have a fitness or diet routine, you won't be beautiful.

Words, once they are printed, have a life of their own.

Iconic Paris tells us: here are our three-star attractions, go thou and marvel. And so we gaze obediently at what we are told to gaze at, without exactly asking why.