识别出无法增加信息量的元素（或者无法有效呈现足够信息量的元素）并将它们删除。

在开始着手数据可视化或者沟通之前，应该在理解上下文上多花些时间和精力。

探索性分析是指理解数据并找出其中值得关注或分享给他人的精华。

在向受众进行分析的时候，我们迫切希望能够言之有物，往往在应该进行解释性分析的时候错误地进行了探索性分析

就像在牡蛎中寻找珍珠，可能打开一百个牡蛎（尝试上百种不同的假设或者从上百种不同的角度审视数据）才碰巧找到两颗珍珠。 ⭕️（花时间将数据抽象为受众能够消化的信息：两颗珍珠） ❌（简单地展示全部数据：一百个牡蛎）

数据可视化之前，明确： 1.要跟谁沟通 2.希望受众了解哪些内容或者做什么 3.如何用数据表达自己的观点

有哪些至关重要的背景信息？ 受众和决策者都是谁？对他们有什么了解？ 受众可能对话题存在什么样的正面或者负面偏见？ 有什么样的数据可以支撑这个案例？这些数据是受众所熟悉的还是新的？ 有什么风险？什么因素会弱化案例？我们是否需要主动提出来？ 成功的产出是什么样的？

三分钟故事和中心思想 中心思想是(1)必须能陈述你独特的观点； (2)必须切中要害； (3)必须是一个完整的句子。

只有一到二项数据时，使用简单文本陈述

表格：当有多项内容且单位不一致时，适合用表格。 让设计融入背景，让数据占据核心地位。不要让厚重的边框和阴影与数据争夺受众的注意力。相反，要使用窄边框或者空白来区分表格的元素。

有一种办法能够将表格中的细节和视觉暗示的使用结合起来，那就是热力图。热力图是用表格的形式可视化数据的一种方法，在显示数据的地方（在数据之外）利用着色的单元格传递数据相对大小的信息。

散点图在展示两件事的关系时很有用，因为可以同时将数据对应到 x轴和 y轴上，观察是否存在某种关系以及存在何种关系。

条形图📊要以0为原点，避免将微小的变化过度放大。 如果要展示变化趋势推荐用线图

要可视化相差极大的数值时，用方形面积图

避免使用双Y轴，读者要花时间读，可以替换成直接加标签隐藏双坐标轴，或者分段的坐标轴

杂乱是你的敌人

临近原则：物理上相近的同属一个群体 相似原则：拥有相似形状颜色大小或者方向的属同一个群体 包围原则：包围在一起的属同一个群体

闭合原则 连续原则 连接原则：物理上连接的为同一群体

在没有其他视觉上的提示时，受众通常会从页面或者屏幕的左上方开始，按“之”字形移动视线并消化信息。 因此，当涉及表格和图形时，将文字（标题、坐标轴标签、图例等）按左上角对齐。这意味着受众会先看到有关如何阅读图表的细节，然后再看到数据本身。

避免使用倾斜元素

（1）突出重要的内容， (2)消除干扰， (3)建立清晰的信息层次。

提出重要的内容： 粗体 字号 颜色； 谨慎使用下划线，反色等增加干扰等元素

不是所有数据都同样重要； 当不需要细节时，请总结； 扪心自问：去掉这个会怎么样？ 将必要但不直接影响的元素融入背景

主角需要什么来恢复他生活的平衡？核心需求是什么？是什么阻止主角实现他的愿望？在这样的对抗下，主角决定如何行动以实现愿望？

如果你面对的是意大利面图，不要驻足不前。想想你最希望传达的信息，想要讲述的故事，以及怎样修改图表能够帮助你有效地实现这些目标。请注意，在有些情况下，这或许意味着展示更少的数据。

For a two-hour movie on a 20-day shooting schedule, it's O.K. to have an actor who's a pain in the neck.

Even if you've been involved in a World Cup, the Olympics is huge. Only the Games has the power to change communities.

You make a choice whether or not to turn that TV on. We didn't even have a television in the house.

Self-will in the man who does not reckon wisely is by itself the weakest of all things.

You dont raise heroes you raise sons. And if you treat them like sons theyll turn out to be heroes even if its just in your own eyes.

I am investing like a crazy person, mostly in internet start-ups. And I want to invest in Brazil as well, because I am Brazilian and that's in my heart.

It's the polar opposite of most people, but I absolutely hate carrying a ton of stuff onto a plane. I check in all my luggage and literally go through security with nothing other than my coat, in which I have my iPhone and iPad.

People are building communities of people who use video. They're sharing them. YouTube's traffic continues to grow very quickly.

There is nothing better than picking up sun-warmed tomatoes and smelling them, feeling them and scrutinizing their shiny skins for imperfections, dreaming of ways to serve them.

Mankind must remember that peace is not God's gift to his creatures; peace is our gift to each other.

Went to 16 and hit a really bad 3 wood for my second shot and got stuck in the bunker about 70 yards from the pin. Poor execution, chunked it, hit a good chip up to about eight feet, missed it.

Some say if you want success surround yourself with successful people. I say if you want true and lasting success surround yourself with people of integrity.

I started off writing TV adverts. I saw those as rehearsals for a feature film.

Every band I knew or played with had flyers and properly-recorded demos and contacts; I couldn't even get a gig.

I'm always pretty overworked with commercial illustration or design or animation.

It's much better to have rules that we can actually live within. And absolute prohibitions, generally, are not the kind of rules that countries would live within.

If you read my books, especially the Star Trek books and the Quest for Tomorrow books, you'll see in them the core theme of the basic humanistic questions that Star Trek asked.

My dad was a pastor, so we were in church all the time.

The thing is, I am a loving person. I am super sappy when it comes to romance. But I'm not the Antonio Banderas, swashbuckling, Pierce Brosnan, smooth-talking type.

Whether in light touches or for a more glamorous look, I never go out without make-up - even if it's only a lick of mascara. And I always wear perfume, a light or more intense version.

I don't mind the government accruing debts as long as every dollar is spent effectively with a high return. That works out fine. If you accumulate debts and waste your money, that's, of course, a disaster.

If you are willing to kill for your beliefs, you are a murderer; if you are willing to die for your beliefs, you are a martyr.

There are two kinds of people one can call reasonable: those who serve God with all their heart because they know him, and those who seek him with all their heart because they do not know him.

I've been rich and I've been poor. It's better to be rich.