数据可视化之前，明确： 1.要跟谁沟通 2.希望受众了解哪些内容或者做什么 3.如何用数据表达自己的观点

在开始着手数据可视化或者沟通之前，应该在理解上下文上多花些时间和精力。

探索性分析是指理解数据并找出其中值得关注或分享给他人的精华。

在向受众进行分析的时候，我们迫切希望能够言之有物，往往在应该进行解释性分析的时候错误地进行了探索性分析

就像在牡蛎中寻找珍珠，可能打开一百个牡蛎（尝试上百种不同的假设或者从上百种不同的角度审视数据）才碰巧找到两颗珍珠。 ⭕️（花时间将数据抽象为受众能够消化的信息：两颗珍珠） ❌（简单地展示全部数据：一百个牡蛎）

有哪些至关重要的背景信息？ 受众和决策者都是谁？对他们有什么了解？ 受众可能对话题存在什么样的正面或者负面偏见？ 有什么样的数据可以支撑这个案例？这些数据是受众所熟悉的还是新的？ 有什么风险？什么因素会弱化案例？我们是否需要主动提出来？ 成功的产出是什么样的？

三分钟故事和中心思想 中心思想是(1)必须能陈述你独特的观点； (2)必须切中要害； (3)必须是一个完整的句子。

只有一到二项数据时，使用简单文本陈述

表格：当有多项内容且单位不一致时，适合用表格。 让设计融入背景，让数据占据核心地位。不要让厚重的边框和阴影与数据争夺受众的注意力。相反，要使用窄边框或者空白来区分表格的元素。

有一种办法能够将表格中的细节和视觉暗示的使用结合起来，那就是热力图。热力图是用表格的形式可视化数据的一种方法，在显示数据的地方（在数据之外）利用着色的单元格传递数据相对大小的信息。

散点图在展示两件事的关系时很有用，因为可以同时将数据对应到 x轴和 y轴上，观察是否存在某种关系以及存在何种关系。

条形图📊要以0为原点，避免将微小的变化过度放大。 如果要展示变化趋势推荐用线图

要可视化相差极大的数值时，用方形面积图

避免使用双Y轴，读者要花时间读，可以替换成直接加标签隐藏双坐标轴，或者分段的坐标轴

杂乱是你的敌人

识别出无法增加信息量的元素（或者无法有效呈现足够信息量的元素）并将它们删除。

临近原则：物理上相近的同属一个群体 相似原则：拥有相似形状颜色大小或者方向的属同一个群体 包围原则：包围在一起的属同一个群体

闭合原则 连续原则 连接原则：物理上连接的为同一群体

在没有其他视觉上的提示时，受众通常会从页面或者屏幕的左上方开始，按“之”字形移动视线并消化信息。 因此，当涉及表格和图形时，将文字（标题、坐标轴标签、图例等）按左上角对齐。这意味着受众会先看到有关如何阅读图表的细节，然后再看到数据本身。

避免使用倾斜元素

（1）突出重要的内容， (2)消除干扰， (3)建立清晰的信息层次。

提出重要的内容： 粗体 字号 颜色； 谨慎使用下划线，反色等增加干扰等元素

不是所有数据都同样重要； 当不需要细节时，请总结； 扪心自问：去掉这个会怎么样？ 将必要但不直接影响的元素融入背景

主角需要什么来恢复他生活的平衡？核心需求是什么？是什么阻止主角实现他的愿望？在这样的对抗下，主角决定如何行动以实现愿望？

如果你面对的是意大利面图，不要驻足不前。想想你最希望传达的信息，想要讲述的故事，以及怎样修改图表能够帮助你有效地实现这些目标。请注意，在有些情况下，这或许意味着展示更少的数据。

I want a girl who's passionate, driven - a girl who believes in herself.

I'm extremely self-critical. Although I try not to be ridiculous about it, wearing horsehair shirts and all that. It's a private exercise I don't necessarily share with other people.

Everyone believed the Senate could not really be led. It used to take so long to rise up through seniority. In two years Lyndon Johnson is assistant leader of his party. In four years he is the leader of his party.

Without creativity, I'd be just 'blah blah blah.'

I am convinced that military action will not prevent further acts of international terrorism against the United States.

I only have one idol: John Lennon.

I won't do a role which children in my family cannot look up to.

You either love or you hate. You live in the middle, you get nothing.

Use it or lose it.

I was not a great bartender, but I did OK. I wasn't great at being efficient behind the bar, but I was pretty great at talking to people. I was a pretty good waiter. It was painstaking to get me to care about the clientele of some of these places I was working at.

Kung fu lives in everything we do. It lives in how we put on a jacket and how we take off a jacket. It lives in how we treat people. Everything is kung fu.

There is something I feel when I animate something; you can never really understand the character you're animating unless you've had the opportunity to turn it around. Once you've done that, you know it is a three-dimensional object.

I think what we need, especially in publishing, is more commissioning editors and editors who are people of colour.

It can't be all serious at all times.

We are not committed to this or that. We are committed to the nothing in between whether we know it or not.

I love acting. It's the one job I know of where you can go in, go through complete catharsis - emotionally, physically sometimes and mentally - and at the end of the day say, 'See you in the pub, guys.'

I have friends in Utah who care about me as a person, not for what I am. They'll call to see how my heart is, how my blood pressure is. That's important to me.

I don't like bungee jumping, but I do like skiing.

I don't think it is so difficult to solve the problems between Cuba and the United States; it all depends on whether there is a dialogue, a discussion, or if the prejudices and hatred of people like the extremists and terrorists from the Cuban community, who try to impose their policies, prevail.

Israel is an independent country with a large army, and it has the ability to do what it thinks is right.

I've been trying to nail it into everyone's heads that I feel like I am the most versatile rapper.

I think it took me half a page of 'Wolf Hall' to think: 'This is the novel I should have been writing all along.'

In all honesty, I grew up a certain way. I never had to worry about money... that was my reality.

I've danced my whole life. Martial arts is just fun for me, it's all choreographed a bit like dance. I have done Muay Thai and Wushu, which is cool because it's very fluid dance. I also do Tricking. It's kind of like Taekwondo with the big kicks and flips and showier aspects of martial arts.