Gibt eine Säure ihr Proton ab, entsteht aus ihr die korrespondierende Base, nimmt eine Base ein Proton auf, entsteht aus ihr die korrespondierende Säure.

Nach Brönsted gehen bei einer Säure-Base-Reaktion immer Protonen (H+) von einer Säure- zu einem Base-Molekül über.

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Somit sind Säuren Protonendonatoren und Basen Protonenakzeptoren.

Moleküle die sowohl als Säure als auch als Base reagieren können, nennt man Ampholyte. Zu ihnen zählen z.B. Wasser und Ammoniak.

Reagiert eine Säure mit einer Base so neutralisieren sich die beiden Moleküle. Es entsteht ein Salz und MEIST auch Wasser.

Die Neutralisation verläuft exotherm, die freiwerdende Energie nennt man neutralisations Energie.

Säure + Base --> Salz + Wasser + Energie

Um messen zu können, ob eine Lösung sauer, alkalisch oder neutral reagiert, berechnet man den pH-Wert.

Im neutralen Milieu ist die Konzentration der Oxonium-Ionen (H3O+) genauso groß wie die der Hydroxid-Ionen (OH-). In sauren Lösungen ist die Option Oxonium-Ionen-Konzentration größer, in alkalischen kleiner als die der Hydroxid-Ionen-Konzentration.

Der pH-Wert ist laut Definition der negative dekadische Logarithmus des Zahlenwertes der Oxonium-Ionen-Konzentration. Der pOH-Wert ist laut Definition der negative dekadische Logarithmus des Zahlenwertes der Hydroxid-Ionen-Konzentration. pH und pOH-Wert ergeben in der Summe immer 14. pH = -lg c(H3O+)

Auf einer Skala von 0 bis 14 bedeutet ein pH-Wert von 7 neutral, ein pH-Wert kleiner 7 sauer und größer 7 alkalisch.

Salzsäure ist eine wässrige Lösung von HCl; Natronlauge bzw. Kalilauge sind wässrige Lösungen von NaOH bzw. KOH; Kalkwasser bzw. Barytwasser sind wässrige Lösungen von Ca(OH)2 bzw. Na(OH)2.

I had a strong conviction that there was something out there in the world that was wonderful.

Dreams really tell you about yourself more than anything else in this world could ever tell you.

So, my happiness doesn't come from money or fame. My happiness comes from seeing life without struggle.

My dad said, 'Stay humble, and you gotta work harder than everybody else.' My mom said, 'Always be yourself.' She always told me only God can judge me.

Toughness is a good thing, yet it is considered good only in men. When a woman is tough, men can't stand it. I like being tough and smart.

Oh, I paint all the time.

I come from a family that has been here for almost 200 years. My ancestors started a very dangerous gunpowder business in 1802, and my great- grandfather and his father were both killed in gunpowder explosions.

The rise of the Tea Party, along with the emergence of Christine O'Donnell in Delaware, Sharron Angle in Nevada, Carl Paladino in New York and Ron Paul in Kentucky, is not the first time in American history that voters have responded to hard economic times by supporting angry, unorthodox Senate and gubernatorial candidates.

You know Manchester is always a bit of a hard place for people coming from London, just with all the history. Manchester has this immensely huge and healthy history musically.

I'm the same kid who used to hop the trains with headphones and just go to downtown Manhattan, walk around and listen to music or walk through the city. The fame restricts that. It's a small complaint in comparison to the benefits I get from it, but the restrictive part is what I don't like - and the fact that it's not reversible.

This world to me is like a lasting storm,Whirring me from my friends.

Work hard, stay humble.

When I became director of CIA, it was just clear to me intuitively, without a whole lot of science behind it, that we had expanded rapidly and inefficiently. So I arbitrarily picked a number, 10 percent, and I said over the next 12 months, we are going to reduce our reliance on contractors by 10 percent.

I'm not one who goes for the 'all press is good press' dictum.

To play a role where you get to reveal intellectual change is wonderful.

I think I'm cool. That's all that matters.

Life is a masquerade. Everywhere you look are people hiding behind masks.

'Entertainment Tonight' would send me out to do interviews with musicians like Sting and Coldplay, and I was able to watch how they plan their shows. The late Jerry Garcia of Grateful Dead always had a game plan, but he also was flexible if he had to change something at the last minute.

I don't have a shred of regret about entering the exchange-rate mechanism.

I would be sad if it ended now. It's been the best job I've had by a long shot, especially creatively because the writing is so good. Every week I get the script and I laugh out loud and get excited for the different stuff we get to do.

I can't say that I wouldn't prefer to make small films, basically because I think they are probably more interesting in terms of the material. But every now and again, it's quite good to do a big one.

A lot of times songs are very much of a moment, that you just encapsulate. They come to you, you write them, you feel good that day, or bad that day.

The stereotype of psychotherapy portrayed in popular books and movies is lying on the couch and saying whatever comes into your mind, while a kindly psychoanalyst listens and nods knowingly from time to time. After years and years, something wonderful is supposed to happen.

Lyrics have become so dumbed down nowadays. People don't want to have to think about lyrics anymore, they just want to be told something. Until these great things started happening with us, I'd really given up on reaching people like that.