Um messen zu können, ob eine Lösung sauer, alkalisch oder neutral reagiert, berechnet man den pH-Wert.

Nach Brönsted gehen bei einer Säure-Base-Reaktion immer Protonen (H+) von einer Säure- zu einem Base-Molekül über.

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Somit sind Säuren Protonendonatoren und Basen Protonenakzeptoren.

Gibt eine Säure ihr Proton ab, entsteht aus ihr die korrespondierende Base, nimmt eine Base ein Proton auf, entsteht aus ihr die korrespondierende Säure.

Moleküle die sowohl als Säure als auch als Base reagieren können, nennt man Ampholyte. Zu ihnen zählen z.B. Wasser und Ammoniak.

Reagiert eine Säure mit einer Base so neutralisieren sich die beiden Moleküle. Es entsteht ein Salz und MEIST auch Wasser.

Die Neutralisation verläuft exotherm, die freiwerdende Energie nennt man neutralisations Energie.

Säure + Base --> Salz + Wasser + Energie

Im neutralen Milieu ist die Konzentration der Oxonium-Ionen (H3O+) genauso groß wie die der Hydroxid-Ionen (OH-). In sauren Lösungen ist die Option Oxonium-Ionen-Konzentration größer, in alkalischen kleiner als die der Hydroxid-Ionen-Konzentration.

Der pH-Wert ist laut Definition der negative dekadische Logarithmus des Zahlenwertes der Oxonium-Ionen-Konzentration. Der pOH-Wert ist laut Definition der negative dekadische Logarithmus des Zahlenwertes der Hydroxid-Ionen-Konzentration. pH und pOH-Wert ergeben in der Summe immer 14. pH = -lg c(H3O+)

Auf einer Skala von 0 bis 14 bedeutet ein pH-Wert von 7 neutral, ein pH-Wert kleiner 7 sauer und größer 7 alkalisch.

Salzsäure ist eine wässrige Lösung von HCl; Natronlauge bzw. Kalilauge sind wässrige Lösungen von NaOH bzw. KOH; Kalkwasser bzw. Barytwasser sind wässrige Lösungen von Ca(OH)2 bzw. Na(OH)2.

Television is a device that permits people who haven't anything to do to watch people who can't do anything.

Most makeup campaigns are not in black and white.

Achieve complete clarity as to what you intend to achieve, and develop a real "knowing" of exactly where you would like to be in your life.

So, I've never been politically correct, even before that term was available to us, and I have really identified with other people who don't want to be read as just a black poet, or just a woman poet, or just someone who represents a cause, an anti-Vietnam war poet.

I've conducted an experiment on my kids. Instead of denying them access to media, I've encouraged it. They read comic books, play Nintendo and watch way too much TV.

If you are against yourself, you will never reach your highest potential. And when you criticize yourself, you're criticizing God.

I finally understood what true love meant. Love meant that you care for another persons happiness more than your own no matter how painful the choices you face might be.

I plan to lower corporate taxes to create an environment that encourages companies to invest more.

It simply is not cost affective to cover stories from independent sources.

People dont get the gurus they deserve they get the gurus they manufacture.

'Grey's Anatomy,' that was a great show to be part of, but they work really long hours. They were all just really tired. Just worn out.

I have a saying - 'You treat me good, I'll treat you better. You treat me bad, I'll treat you worse. And when in doubt, knock 'em out.'

I was lucky that I started very young, since I had a very clear idea of what I wanted to do. But my father is very conservative, and he never considered fashion to be a real career but something I could pursue as a hobby. He wanted me to be a doctor, and at one point, I thought of becoming a plastic surgeon.

Whatever you want to do, do it now. There are only so many tomorrows.

I am a strong, independent person.

Your ultimate goal in life is to become your best self. Your immediate goal is to get on the path that will lead you there.

Marriage is a wonderful institution, but who would want to live in an institution?

If you are carrying strong feelings about something that happened in your past, they may hinder your ability to live in the present.

Democracy in the studio is overrated. What you wind up getting is compromise on everybody's part, which means that nobody has their way, and that means nobody wins, including the fans.

I have always focused on the bottom line.

The name 'Charmageddon' actually comes from a social technique that I use. Which is, you know, literally obliterating people with charm so that you can get away with saying stuff that no one else could ever get away with, you know?

Seriously - quite seriously - I firmly believe that marriage is to be enjoyed and shared.

The absurd is a shadow cast over everything we do and even if we try to live life as if it has meaning as if there are reasons for doing things the absurd will linger in the back of our minds as a nagging doubt that perhaps there is no point.

I don't want to feel I'm responsible for anorexia across the country.